As one of the “Kangxi Imperial Atlas of China”, this map was drawn with vertical and horizontal lines showing clear latitude and longitude. Macau was marked at latitude 22°15′, longitude 3° 18' (to pass through Beijing's zero longitude meridian, with the equivalent of longitude 113° 8′ in the Greenwich Meridian), which was pretty close to the actual latitude as 22° 11′, longitude 113° 32'. This detail showed that “Kangxi Imperial Atlas of China” was made by the method of mapping, so the content was precise with the actual data. On the northern part of Istmo Ferreira do Amaral marked ' 澳门,' namely the Border Gate today. On the south of Macau Peninsula, another small circle on the right marked ' 濠镜澳,' referring to Macau City. To the left of the sea, a small circle marked ' 清州,' referring to Qingzhou island to the west of Macau (now connected to Macao Pennisula by the land reclamation from the sea). There are three unmarked islands to the south of the mark of ' 濠镜澳,' one of which should be Taipa and another Coloane, and the third was from nowhere. Two larger islands was marked on the west of those islands, but without name; ' 十字门洲' was marked on the waterway of Taipa and Coloane. The two islands are actually Hengqin islands. Serveral mistakes can be seen as the West River estuary (now Zhuhai Modaomen) was labeled as Jiangmen Sea, stretching outer was marked with large Hengqin Hill, small Hengqin Hill. To the Further south were other islands, like the Sanzao Mountain and Gaolan Mountain. Stretching from Macao to the East China Sea was dotted with many small islands, Jiuxing Ocean, and Ling Ding Island. The north of Macao as marked with Qianshan Zhai, with its west side as a waterway across the land. ' 香炉山' was marked in its north and ' 香山县' to its north. Those details of and around Macau, including those names of places, islands and smaller islands, are boast of its preciseness. Despite some mistakes, those document provide an important basis to Macao historical geography research. This map is copied from “Der Jesuiten-Atlas Der Kangshi-Zeit”, from the Map Department of Library of Congress in the United States. Later in 1943, Walter Fuchs (1902-1979) reprinted and published the atlas in Beijing Furen University, covering 32 woodcut edition of “The Kangxi imperial atlas of China” in 1721, coupled added with four “He Yuan Tu” (Map of the Yellow River Source) in the 1717edition. So this is the 31st one out of the total thirty-six maps (G7820 s000 .R4).Reference:. 林天人编撰; 张敏英文编译. (2013). 皇舆搜览 : 美国国会图书馆所藏明清舆图 ( pp67-74.). 台北 : 中央研究院数位文化中心; Washington D.C. : 美国国会图书馆. . 冯宝琳. (1985). 康熙《皇舆全览图》的测绘考略. 故宫博物院院刊, 第一辑. . 李孝聪. (2012). 记康熙《皇舆全览图》的测绘及其版本. 故宫学术季刊, 30卷第1期( 秋季号).

Martino Martini was an Italian Jesuit, who arrived in Macao in 1643, then stayed in China for about eight years. He left China for Rome to appeal to the Curia on the issue of the Chinese Rites controversy. In 1655 Martini's Novus Atlas Sinensis was published by the famous Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu, and the masterpiece showed the most elaborate scene of Chinese geography to the Europeans of the mid-seventeenth century. Novus Atlas Sinensis was drawed during Martini's voyage and the first period after his arrival of Europe. Vatican Apostolic Library stows the Chinese geographical book Guang Yu Ji which Martini leaned on to draw his maps and write the geographical introductions. Since Martini made a lot of notes directly on this Chinese book in order to assist his work of cartography, this book may be called the 'working edition'. This Guang Yu Ji used by Martini is not the first edition by Lu Ying Yang in 1600, since this edition doesn't involve any map, but is the revision with inserted maps produced in Ningxiang Ge during Wanli Era of Ming Dynasty. The maps are inserted by Yan Zi Yi, which are made by counterdrawing the maps in Luo Hong Xian's Guang Yu Tu made in Jiajing Era of Ming Dynasty. Because of the cursory counterdrawing, the maps themselves has distortions on several parts. On the general map of the 'working edition' of Martini, there is only Latin interpretation of the title. Whereas on the map of Guangdong, there are a lot of notes by Martini on it. The main notes are as follows. 1. Add a 'reference gridding of longitudes and latitudes', in order to gain the degrees of the points from the 'working edition'. 2. Note the known data of longitudes and latitudes of some places. 3. Add some points showing the newly set up counties in late Ming Dynasty, but the position of them is always wrong. 4. Add the sequence number beside the sites of cities, which accords with the sequence of the cities in the table of longitudes and latitudes and the geographical introductions in the Novus Atlas Sinensis. 5. Some detail changes of the coastline, Latin transliteration of some placenames, and some other notes. There are a great deal of geographical introductions in the Novus Atlas Sinensis. They were also written mainly based on the texts of Guang Yu Ji. We can see many texts in Latin by Martini appended on the 'working edition', which should be the draft of the introductions in the Novus Atlas Sinensis. The texts are worth further study. Reference:. 林宏. (2016). 卫匡国《中国新图志》的绘制方法：基于梵蒂冈藏卫匡国批注本《广舆记》“广东省图”的研究. 载于戴龙基&杨迅凌(Eds.), 全球地图中的澳门, 第二卷 (347-397). 北京：社会科学文献出版社. . 张西平, 马西尼, 斯卡尔德志尼. (2012). 把中国介绍给世界：卫匡国研究. 上海：华东师范大学出版社. . 海野一隆. (2010). 地図文化史上の広舆図. 东洋文库论丛, 第73种. 东京：东洋文库.

Vincenzo Cornelli is a Franciscan monk and Venetian cartographer, he made the 13 Volume Atlante Veneto during 1690 to 1701, and two volume of it are named as Isolario Veneto. Isolario was a Mediterranean tradition, combing freely cartography with ethnographic information. There are one general map of China and seven regional maps of China in Isolario Veneto. One regional map usually contains two or three provinces. One of them is this Map of Guandong and Fujian. By comparison, we can see that Cornelli's maps of China are made by consulting Martino Martini's Novus Atlas Sinensis. Since the projection of the Map of China of Cornelli and Martini are different, there are some distinctions between these two maps. But the projection of Cornelli's regional maps is the same as that of Martini's maps of provinces of China. Cornelli combined the shape of Guangdong and Fujian from Martini's map together, and add the island of Taiwan which was omitted on Martini's map of Fujian, and the shape of Taiwan Island is as same as that on Martini's map of China, however with more details in it, the details may from other maps. The drawings of rivers are similar to those on Martini's map, and the mountains are drawn in simple style, and some figures of forests are added. On the left corner there are some notes about the brief information of about the districts and population of the two provinces. In the 'MARE DELLA CHINA' outside the land, there are several Chinese and Western ships. The notes and ships are also added by Cornelli. The shape of the Pearl River estuary is like a flask, which is same as that on Martini's map. There are two separate small islands on the east part of the bay which is the outer part of the estuary on the map. The two islands are noted with 'Hiangxan' and 'Macao', and the latter with a sign of a city beside it . 'Golfo di Macao' is written outside the bay which is full of islands, and the name is also created by Cornelli.'.Reference:. Fuchs, J. L. (1983). Vincenzo Coronelli and the organization of knowledge: The twilight of seventeenth-century encyclopedism. University of Chicago.

After arriving in Macau in 1579, Italian Jesuit missionary Ruggieri (Michele Ruggieri) went to many places in China and effectively promoted the cultural exchange Between China and the West. In 1588, Ruggieri returned to Europe from Macau and died in 1607 in Italy. In 1987, a number of Chinese map manuscripts and other materials by Ruggieri were found in the National Library in Rome. It's called by a joint name Ruggieri's Atlas of China (Atlante della Cina) by modern scholars, which is now known to be the first atlas of China drawn by Europeans, although it was not printed and published. Ruggieri's Atlas of China has 32 maps in total, most of which are Ruggieri's manuscripts, while one map 'Map of Liaodong Edges' is a page from the ancient Chinese book Da Ming Guan Zhi (Bureaucracy of Ming dynasty) in Ming Dynasty. The latest research shows that the book is the primary source of Ruggieri's Atlas. The map is selected from four maps of Guangdong Province of the Atlas. Guangdong Province and Hainan Island were marked with different types of buildings to show military and political institutions at all levels. The map also indicates the country's mineral resources by various symbols. Ruggieri marked Macau on the map and specially painted the Catholic Church with the cross, which was also depicted in Zhaoqing in inland Guangdong province. This map is copied from Ruggieri’s Atlante della Cina in Macau University of Science and Technology Library. The copy is from and the Italian State Printing Industry Association and the National Library (Istituto poligrafico e zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello stato) in 1993.Reference:. Ruggieri, M., Lo, S. E., & Archivio di Stato di Roma. (1993). Atlante della Cina. Rome: Istituto poligrafico e zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello stato. . 洛佩斯. (1998). 罗明坚的《中国地图集》. 文化杂志, 34期. . 汪前进. (2013). 罗明坚编绘《中国地图集》所依据中文原始资料新探. 北京行政学院学报, 03期.

Michael Boym was a Polish Jesuit. He arrived in Macao in 1644, where he began to learn Chinese language and then he taught in Jesuit college. In 1650 he was sent by the empress dowager and the empress of Yongli court to Rome to seek the support from the Pope and the kings of Western Europe to resist the army of Qing. He arrived in Venice in 1652 and went back to the east in 1656. During his voyage he drew the Chinese-Latin atlas of China, which included one general map, maps of the provinces and the separate map of Liaodong and Hainan, 18 maps in total. There is a Latin title 'Sinarum Universalis Mappa' on the general map, and two Chinese titles “中国图”, “中国总舆地图”, both with the Latin transliteration. The map of Hainan draws out the scale from the east of the Pearl River estuary on the northeast and the whole Hainan Island on the southwest. There are two sea crabs to the south of the estuary. There is a paragraph of Latin to explain the reason of drawing the crabs that this kind of crab with a Cross was discovered in China Sea, and was related with the event of the members of Southern Ming royalty receiving baptism. There is also a crab on the corresponding position on the general map of China. The Pearl River estuary on the map of Hainan and Guangdong is drawn as a retuse bay, the shape of which may derive from the shape on Chinese maps. There are many islands in and out of the bay. Among the two biggest islands in the bay on the Map of Hainan, the west one is the Xiangshan Island, and on the small peninsula on the south it notes “澳门” and 'Macao'. On the east island writes “东广” and “东海”, with the Latin transliteration. On the map of Guangdong, there is notes of “香山” and “澳门”, beside the latter there is 'Macao' and the transliteration 'Aú Muên'. On the east island there is notes “东莞” and “南海”, and the note of “东广” seems to be altered. On the map of China, the shape of Xiangshan is as the same as the map of Hainan and Guangdong with no notes on it, and the east island is noted with “东广”. Reference:. 汪前进. (2016). 卜弥格《中国地图集》研究. 国际汉学(4), 37-58.. 王永杰. (2015). 关于卜弥格《中国地图册》的几个问题. 驶向东方：全球地图中的澳门，第一卷. 北京：社会科学文献出版社,pp.313-330.. 张西平.(2012). 《中西文化交流的使者，波兰汉学的奠基人：卜弥格》. 载卜弥格著. 张振辉, 张西平译. 卜弥格文集-中西文化交流和中医西传, 1-60. 上海：华东师范大学出版社.

Qianlong Nei Fu Yu Tu (the Complete Map of the Empire of the Qianlong Era) was made in about 1760 of great size, which was divided into 13 rows with the scale of 5° of latitudes in one row, so it is also called Thirteen Rows Qianlong Map. The map was compiled on the basis of Huang Yu Quan Lan Tu (the Complete Map of the Empire of Kangxi Era), and was supplemented with the data gained in the two surveys in Xinjiang and Xizang in 1756 and 1759. Compared with the Kangxi map, the Qianlong map covers a more extensive area, from the Arctic Ocean in the north to India Ocean and South China Sea in the south, and from the Sakhalin Island in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. This map used the same Sanson Projection as the Kangxi map, the meridian through Beijing City is defined as the middle meridian, and the longitudes and latitudes crossed diagonally. The French Jesuit Michel Benoist engraved this map in Beijing. He arrived in Macao in 1744, and moved to Beijing the next year, serving the Qing court for more than 30 years. On the letter of 1773, Michel Benoist mentioned that he had made three plates according as 1 inch, 2 inches and 2.5 inches between the latitude lines. The first two plates are woodcut, and the last one is a copper plate. This map held in Vatican Apostolic Library is a woodcut made around 1760 in 103 sheets, with all place names in Chinese. The maps are bound into a volume, but lacking the 13th row, which includes the Hainan Island. The shape of Pearl River estuary on this map is ultimately the same as that on Kangxi map. The delta of the Pearl River is drawn in detail. But the variance of the alluvial terrain is not exhibited since the counterdraw of the old shape several decades ago. The city of Xiangshan County is noted on a small piece of land at the southwest of the estuary. And there is another lager piece of land on the south, at the south end of which noted “澳门”(Macao) and “濠镜澳”(Hao Jing Ao). The channel between the above two pieces of land is inaccurate. Furthermore, the position of “大横琴山”(Da Heng Qin Shan), “小横琴山”(Xiao Heng Qin Shan ) is marked on the west side of the actual location, and this mistake is also stemmed from the Kangxi map. The position of “清州”(Qing Zhou) on the west of Macao and “十字门洲”(Shi Zi Men Zhou) on the south is accurate. Reference:. 李孝聪. (1996). 欧洲收藏部分中文古地图叙录. 北京：国际文化出版公司, pp.175-179.. 汪前进. (2007). 康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝全国总图的绘制（代序）. 载于清廷三大实测全图集. 北京：外文出版社, pp.1-8.